• History, Pharmacology, and Prevalence
  • Methamphetamine Overview Methamphetamine Overview
    • Origin and History
    • Chemistry
    • Pharmacology
    • Prevalence
  • Cocaine Overview Cocaine Overview
    • Origin and History
    • Chemistry
    • Pharmacology
    • Prevalence
  • Differences between Stimulants Differences between Stimulants
    • Methamphetamine and Amphetamines
    • Methamphetamine and Cocaine
  • Heroin Overview Heroin Overview
    • Origin and History
    • Chemistry
    • Pharmacology
    • Prevalence
  • Overview of Various Other Illicit Drugs Overview of Various Other Illicit Drugs
    • Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
    • Marijuana
    • MDMA (Ecstasy)
    • Phencyclidine (PCP)
    • Ketamine
    • Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB)
    • Rohypnol
• Clandestine Labs and Forms of Methamphetamine
  • Clandestine Drug Labs Clandestine Drug Labs
    • What are Clandestine Labs
    • Prevalence and Location of Clandestine Labs
    • Damage Caused by Clandestine Labs
    • Types of Clandestine Labs
    • Chemicals Used in Clandestine Labs
    • Methods of Production in Clandestine Labs
    • Economic Benefits of Clandestine Labs
    • Signs of Clandestine Labs
  • Forms of Methamphetamine Forms of Methamphetamine
    • Introduction
    • Ice
    • Powder
    • Liquid
    • Base
    • Tablets
• Levels of Illicit Drug Use and Factors Contributing to Use
  • Levels of Use Levels of Use
    • Introduction
    • Illicit Drug Use
    • Drug Use vs. Drug Abuse
  • Levels of Dependency Levels of Dependency
    • Introduction
    • Categories of Dependence
    • Distinction between Dependence and Addiction
  • Factors Underlying Use and Abuse Factors Underlying Use and Abuse
    • Introduction
    • Risk Factors for Initiation/Low Use
    • Risk Factors for Abuse/Addiction
    • Routes of Administration and Drug Dependence
• Health Consequences of Illicit Drug Use
  • Health Effects of Methamphetamine Health Effects of Methamphetamine
    • General Health Effects
    • Medical Complications
  • Health Effects of Cocaine Health Effects of Cocaine
    • General Health Effects
    • Medical Complications
  • Health Effects of Heroin Health Effects of Heroin
    • General Health Effects
    • Medical Complications
  • Overdose Overdose
    • Introduction
    • Methamphetamine Overdose
    • Cocaine Overdose
    • Heroin Overdose
• Treatment Modalities and Treatment Settings for Illicit Drug Abuse
  • Psychosocial Treatment Psychosocial Treatment
    • Introduction
    • Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)
    • Behavioral Therapy
    • Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (CBTs)
    • Psychodynamic and Interpersonal Therapies
    • Group Therapy
    • Family Therapy
    • Self-Help Groups and 12-Step Oriented Approaches
    • Matrix Model: An Example of Combined Psychosocial Treatments
  • Pharmacological Treatments Pharmacological Treatments
    • Introduction
    • Opioid Agonist Maintenance Therapies
    • Opioid Antagonists
    • Opioid Treatment Centers and Other Therapies
  • Treatment Settings Treatment Settings
    • Introduction
    • Factors that Affect Choice of Treatment Settings
    • Treatment Settings
• Illicit Drug Screening, Brief Intervention, and Treatment Placement
  • Screening in Primary Care Settings Screening in Primary Care Settings
    • The Debate
  • Screening Methods Screening Methods
    • Introduction
    • Observation/General Indicators
    • Informal Discussion
    • Drug Use Questionnaire Assessment
    • Biological Tests
  • Brief Interventions Brief Interventions
    • Introduction
    • FRAMES Model
    • Use of Motivational Interviewing
    • Motivational Interviewing and Stages of Change
  • Referring Users to Treatment Referring Users to Treatment
    • Linking Clients to Services in Arizona

History, Pharmacology, and Prevalence
Heroin Overview: Chemistry

 

References

• (1) Wickler A. Opioid Dependence: Mechanisms and Treatment. New York: Plenum Press; 1980.
• (2) White JM, Irvine RJ. Mechanisms of fatal opioid overdose. Addiction 1999;94(7):961-72.